CAS 470: Nonverbal Communication
Spring, 2008
Study Guide #2
Long Version
Pp. 45-7
Define “nonverbal code”. List and define the 8 basic codes (kinesics, appearance, vocalics, 2 contact codes – proxemics and haptics, chronemics, environmental).
Pp. 103-104
Define the major postural cues (lead, directness, relaxation, mirroring, openness) and explain how to interpret them. What are 3 types of gestures? Define preening and explain how it functions. What are the differences among eye gaze, eye contact and mutual gaze? What are the most common interpretations of gaze and mutual gaze? What are the most common meanings of smiles?
Ch 11
What are the five classes of nonverbal behavior? What is the relationship between culture and emblems? Which of the classes are we aware of? What is the difference between illustrators and emblems? What influences the frequency of illustrators and adaptors?
Ch 14
What is civil inattention? What cues are used? What happens when there are violations of civil inattention? What are the exceptions to the rule?
Ch 13
What is the difference between looking and staring? How do eye behaviors function as love messages? How do eye behaviors functions as signs of truth/deception? What is the relationship between eye gaze and leadership and emotion? How do the pupils communicate? How do the eyes signal a willingness to communicate? What is the relationship between culture and eye contact?
Ch 15
What are the innate and cross cultural expressions of happiness? Is smiling more likely to communicate friendliness and sociability than inner happiness (social/internal state)?
Pp. 48-49
What are the body stereotypes for thin/tall, short/round, and muscular body types? What are the halo effect and the self-fulfilling prophecy? Which gender is judged more on basis of physical appearance? What is the relationship between gender and clothing norm rigidity? What is acceptable business attire for each gender?
Ch 4
What is the media stereotype of weight? Do woman over or under-estimate their weight? How are eating disorders related to distortions of body image? How is eating portrayed in the media? In the US, how many people diet and what age does this trend start? How do men and women compare in the number of body parts they consider when they evaluate attractiveness? What is body size distortion?
Ch 5
Do physical characteristics, education, income, or similarity play the biggest role in dating choices? What is the matching hypothesis? How do mating preferences differ based on whether someone wants a long versus a short term relationship? How are men and women similar and different in what they are looking for in a long term relationship? How do the assortment and agreed-upon models differ in their predictions for dating choices and which was supported by the study in chapter 5? Which gender was more selective? What does the chapter mean when it says people are ware of the “market”? Did personality affect dating choices?
Ch 6
Are standards of beauty commonly agreed upon and stable over the lifetime? Are wages and beauty related? Is the plainness penalty greater or less than the beauty benefit? Are there differences between men and women on the benefits of beauty? What accounts for the differences? What is occupational sorting?
Ch 7
Is there a general advantage to bring attractive in the workplace? Does this apply to particularly attractive women? Does appearance affect job interviews? How does the halo effect make a difference? Does appearance cause unqualified applicants to be favored over qualified ones? Are males or females more likely to be favored? Are male or female interviewers more likely to be influenced by appearance? What types of jobs favor attractive males and females? Is there certain attire for males and females that is associated with positive impressions? Do males or females have more freedom choosing different colors to dress in?
Ch 9
What is the relationship between smell and greeting? What is the relationship between emotions and smell? Are we conscious or aware of all smell? Is smell related to sexual attraction? If so, how? What are the implications for similarity and differences in genetic codes/smell?
P. 182-3
Describe specific vocalic cues (pitch, etc.) and their interpretations. What are the relationships among gender, culture, and pitch? Define vocal qualities and vocalizations. Define response latencies and explain their interpretation? What role does vocalics play in persuasion and the expression of emotion?
Ch 25
What are tie signs? What cues commonly serve as tie signs? What is behavior matching and how does it influence perceptions and relationships? Does most touch occur in the serious dating stage? What is the relationship between gender and touch?
Ch 26
What is the relationship between tipping and touch?
Ch 21
What are the 4 space zones and what goes on in each? What is the relationship between culture and distance? Between gender and distance? Describe common reactions to small spaces (stimulus overload, even spacing, barriers, dividing space) and intruding on another=s space. What is the relationship between status and space? Define propinquity and explain its influence.
Ch 23
Define equilibrium theory. How do proxemic norms compare in online versus physical worlds?
Pp. 242-244
Define chronemics. Describe the 3 time orientations (present, past, future). Define interactional time. Do cultures and institutions influence perceptions of time? What are fixed and semifixed elements?
Ch 31
What are the effects of adding trails, playground markings, sidewalks, improved street crossings, and slowing traffic on physical activity? What are walkable neighborhoods and how do they influence physical activity? How do sidewalks affect activity? Do youth and adults differ in the effects on activity of connected streets? What is the role of proximity to recreational facilities and how do socio-economic status and ethnicity influence this?
Ch 33
Is privacy as a basic need? What are the 3 basic flight responses (consider Withdrawing and Separating to be the same)? How can you use of furniture and room shape to withdraw? What is the function of transition spaces and barriers? What is communicated by personalizing space? What is masking and how do ambient sound and lighting accomplish it?
Pp. 151-152
Describe specific vocalic cues (pitch, etc.) and their interpretations. What are the relationships among gender, culture, and pitch? Define vocal qualities and vocalizations. Define response latencies and explain their interpretation? What role does vocalics play in persuasion and the expression of emotion?
Ch 17
What are the 2 basic qualities of attractive voices (pitch and impact)? Are people stereotyped based on their voices?
Ch 18
What are the male cues of seduction and how do these changes from the attention to the resolution phase in pitch, volume and speed? What are the common female flirting voice cues? What are the cues of affection? Do females preference for lower or higher pitched male voices?
Ch 20
Is silence a communicative act? Are there functions of silence that are universal? What is the relationship between silence and uncertainty? Between silence and unequal power?
Ch 28
What are the 7 time perspectives? What are their relationships to age and income?
Ch 29
Define monochronic and polychronic time. How is time seen in each type of culture? Which cultures have which orientation? How do these time orientations relate to the use of space?
Lectures
Codes: Define code. What are the basic dimensions of nonverbal communication? Define the kinesic functions, touch and norms, distinctness of codes/packages.
Kinesics: Describe the type and meaning of specific body cues such as lean, orientation, open/closed, mirroring, synchrony. What is meant by the equilibrium of cues and what does it communicate? What are regulation cues and display rules?
Eyes: How do the eyes contribute to the perception of power? Be able to define and explain the differences among gaze, mutual gaze, and eye contact. What is the average length of gaze and percentage of time gazing for different groups when talking and listening? What are the four functions of gaze? What are the different ways of regulating using the eyes? Which emotions are communicated most accurately by the eyes?
Physical Appearance: Define social, physical and task attraction. Is attractiveness more important for men and women? What are the 3 motives related to attraction? What are the cues for each motive? Does attraction affect grades? What other effects does it have? Define minimax principle of dating. Are there things that attraction does not affect? What can we conclude from the activity about male/female differences and similarities?
Vocalics: What aspects of vocalics are socialized? What are the differences between voice qualities and vocalizations? Which is better at expressing attitudes B the face or the voice? What are some positive and negative interpretations of silence? What is the typical perception of extremes in qualities? What is the relationship between speaking rate and persuasion? Between topics and speech disturbances? How does talk time influence perceptions? How do vocalics function as regulation cues?
Touch (Haptics): What are the sources of touch norms? In what situations is touch more likely? What is the relationship between vulnerability and touch? What are the most common meanings of touch?
Proxemics: Explain boundary management theory. What is the relationship between health and space? What is the difference between density and crowding? Is there an innate need for space? What is the difference between territory and personal space? What are the people, interactional, and environmental influences on space?
Environment: What are the 9 functions of the environment and how are each of them communicated (e.g., how do we communicate hierarchy)? Describe status markers of space – especially those discussed in the activity. What is the small town model of city design? How do supermarkets communicate freshness, security, and choice?
Time (Chronemics): Define punctuality. What are monochronistic and polychronistic cultures?